World War I: Germany's Victory & Submarines' Deadly Attack

Germany aims to pressure Britain into surrender by expanding its naval reach with a lethal new weapon—the submarine-launched torpedo—while British defenses struggle against this unseen threat, exemplified by the loss of HMS Pathfinder.

Meanwhile, on the Eastern Front, German commanders von Hindenburg and Ludendorff orchestrate decisive victories at Tannenberg and later at the Masurian Lakes, inflicting massive Russian casualties and taking tens of thousands of prisoners.

A key factor in Russia’s defeats is the transmission of unencrypted wireless messages, which compromises their communications and contributes to a cascading collapse of morale and capability. Within just six weeks, the Russians suffer nearly a third of a million casualties, a stark illustration of how technological innovation, strategic leadership, and vulnerabilities in communication can dramatically tilt the balance of early war outcomes.

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